This oxidative stress breaks down collagen and elastin, essential proteins that keep the skin firm and elastic. It also accelerates the aging process by impairing the skin’s ability to repair itself.
Vasoconstriction decreases the delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients to the skin cells, leading to a dull, lifeless complexion. This impaired blood flow can also slow down the healing of wounds and reduce the effectiveness of the skin’s repair mechanisms.
Smoking increases the production of MMPs. These enzymes accelerate breakdown of collagen leading to the loss of skin firmness and the formation of wrinkles. Smoking impairs the function of fibroblasts, which results in a net loss of collagen over time.
The elastin fibers in the skin are also damaged by the free radicals in cigarette smoke. This damage leads to sagging skin and the formation of fine lines and wrinkles.
Smoking induces chronic inflammation, which further damages skin cells and contributes to the aging process. Inflammation also leads to the release of enzymes that break down collagen and elastin. Smoking damages the immune system which makes the skin more susceptible to infections and diseases, hindering its ability to heal and regenerate.
Smoking depletes the body’s levels of vitamin A, an antioxidant that protects the skin from damage. Lower levels of it reduce the skin’s ability to repair itself and maintain a healthy appearance.
Cigarette smoke can strip the skin of its natural oils, leading to dryness and dehydration. Dehydrated skin is more prone to wrinkles and fine lines. Smoking can damage the skin’s barrier function, making it less effective at retaining moisture and protecting against environmental stressors.
Smoking can lead to uneven skin tone and pigmentation changes, such as the development of dark spots or a sallow complexion. It also causes the skin to take on a yellowish hue, particularly in areas exposed to smoke.
The repeated facial movements associated with smoking, such as pursing the lips and squinting to avoid smoke, can lead to the formation of dynamic wrinkles around the mouth and eyes.